In the recent years, advances in different fields of technology have been resulted in a dramatic increase in the diagnostic methods and tests in different branches of clinical medicine with a consequent increase in the number of scientific publications related to the application of those tests and methods in the diagnosis or prevention of diseases.Dermatology is not an exception. Since, evidence-based medicine emphasizes on the appropriate use of the current best clinical research evidence in the diagnosis or treatment of each individual patient acknowledging his/her values, the capability of dermatologists in appraisal and application of the publications, which reports the results of diagnostic test Accuracy studies cannot be ignored. In this article, after a brief review on basic issues in diagnostic test Accuracy studies, principles of critical appraisal of these studies, from an evidence-based viewpoint, will be discussed. General strategies for Evaluation of validity, applicability and quality assessment of a diagnostic test study will be provided.

In this paper, a new histogram-based method is introduced to make object detectors resistant to hostile attacks. In the following, this method was applied to two object detector models, YOLOV5 and FRCNN, and in this way, two models resistant to attacks were introduced. In order to verify the performance of the mentioned models, we performed the adversarial training process of these models with three targeted attacks TOG-vanishing, TOG-mislabeling, and TOG-fabrication and one untargeted attack, DAG. We have checked the efficiency of the introduced models on two data sets MSCOCO and PASCAL VOC, which are among the most famous data sets in the field of object recognition. The results show that this method, in addition to improving the adversarial Accuracy, also improves the clean Accuracy of the object detector models to some extent. The average clean Accuracy of the YOLOv5-n model for the PASCAL VOC dataset, if adversarial attacks are applied to it, in the case where no defense method is applied, is 85.5%, and in the case where the histogram method is applied, the average Accuracy is equal to with 87.36%. In the YOLOv5-n model, according to the results, the best adversarial Accuracy of this model, which has increased compared to other models, is in TOG-vanishing and TOG-fabrication attacks, which are 48% and 52.36%, respectively.

Background and Objectives: Autorefractometer is usually used in every eye clinic. Clinical retinoscopy and Jackson cross cylinder refinement are very accurate methods for measurement of refractive errors. The aim of this study was to evaluate Accuracy of autorefractor Topcon RM-A2000 for measurement of refractive errors.Materials and Methods: In a prospective study of refractive errors, a total of 300 patients, between 5-75 years old, underwent clinical retinoscopy, Jackson cross cylinder refinement and refractive error measurement with Topcon RM-A2000 autorefractometer for both the eyes. Sphere, cylinderical power and cylindrical axis examined by of autorefractometry were compared with the findings observed with clinical retinoscopy and Jackson cross cylinder refinement.Results: In our study, myopic shift was observed in eyes of all patients on autorefractometry due to instrument myopia.Conclusion: It is concluded that autorefractometry is an instrument for refractive error estimation and the results should be refined before spectacle prescription.

Background and Objectives: The field of navigation, which is widely recognized as one of the most efficient and effective means of reaching a desired destination, holds immense significance in today's society. In order to cater to the needs of users by providing them with accurate routes to their intended destinations, navigation systems rely on the determination of the mobile location and the destination on the map. At present, the majority of location-based services heavily rely on navigation systems that utilize the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for determining the mobile location. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that this method is not applicable in indoor environments due to a multitude of limitations. Consequently, in order to overcome these limitations, a plethora of technologies have been developed for indoor positioning, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Inertial Navigation System (INS), ultrasonics, and acoustic waves. The range of applications involved in location-based services varies depending on the position quality (uncertainty), ranging from prevalent navigation that requires Accuracy in the tens of meters to precise automatic object location that necessitates centimeter-level Accuracy. The focus of this specific study is centered upon the utilization of image-based methods as a novel approach to address the problem of indoor mobile positioning.Methods: The implementation of the image-based navigation method presents a series of challenges that must be comprehensively addressed in order to ensure its Accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Extensive research has been conducted to tackle these challenges, and the aim of this study is to contribute to the existing knowledge base by delving into the Accuracy requirements of the image-based navigation technique. To achieve this, a meticulous 3D model of the building was meticulously created, and the position of the image focal point was determined as the mobile location through the utilization of photography and image matching techniques. It is important to highlight the fact that this particular technique capitalizes on the widespread availability of current mobile phones, which are equipped with cameras, thereby rendering it an incredibly inexpensive, rapid, efficient, and accurate solution for indoor navigation.Findings: The primary outcome of this study revolves around the assessment of positioning Accuracy using the proposed image-based navigation method. The results obtained from this research possess significant implications for the design and development of an optimal image-based navigation system. The numerical analysis showcases an impressive average planimetric Accuracy of 2.5 centimeters, thereby underscoring the efficacy of the proposed method in achieving precise indoor navigation.Conclusion: In light of the findings derived from this study, it can be conclusively affirmed that the proposed image-based navigation method possesses a level of Accuracy that fulfills all indoor navigation requirements. Furthermore, the widespread adoption of smartphones among the general population ensures that the utilization of this method is highly feasible. The outcomes of this study strongly bolster the applicability of the image-based navigation method for a myriad of indoor navigation applications, as well as certain close-range outdoor applications. Thus, it is evident that this research has paved the way for the implementation of a reliable and efficient navigation solution in both indoor and outdoor environments.

The hydrograph at watershed outlet can be expressed as hydrological response of watershed to geomorphological behavior. In present study with the aid of the GIS and the concept of instantaneous unit hydrograph, the watershed response was simulated. In present physical method, the IUH is derived from three parameters of time of concentration, storage coefficient and time-area curve of the basin. In the present study, the Accuracy of various methods of determining time-area curve in providing Clark instantaneous unit hydrograph viz. channel profile, average velocity and Laurenson methods were therefore evaluated. The comparison of estimated and observed hydrographs by using qualitative and quantitative criteria showed that the average velocity method has had the highest Accuracy in estimation of time-area method. The results of the quantitative statistics of root mean square of error, bias in peak discharge, coefficient of efficiency, and relative errors in peak discharge, time to peak and base time were respectively found to be 1.39, 0.93, 0.83, and 7.13, 33.33 and 15.38%. The results of this research also showed that the Clark model had a good efficiency in simulation of unit hydrograph in Kasilian watershed, Mazandaran Province, Iran.

Introduction: Decision making in pathology is changing toward quantitative criteria. Quantitative measurements obviously can demonstrate minimal differences, not readily identifiable to human vision. Morphometry is the quantitative description of geometric characteristics of objects. This study aims at testing the feasibility of this new technique using available instruments and software and selecting useful parameters and their thresholds for discrimination of benign versus malignant lesions of thyroid.Materials & Methods: The cases were selected based on surgical pathology reports of fine needle aspiration thyroid specimens from the pathology department of Dr. Shariati hospital between October 2003 to March 2004. Patients whose surgical pathologic reports were unavaible were excluded. At least 100 cells, selected by a zone guided manner, were measured for each patient. Totally 67 patients were enrolled for the study, 36 with benign pathology diagnosis and 31 with malignant lesions. In a pilot study to test reproducibility of measurements, a single cell was selected and measured 20 times. Results: Coefficient of variation remained below 2% for all measurements, except for nuclear diameter which has been excluded from analysis. Benign cells were different from malignant ones in mean nuclear perimeter (Peri), mean nuclear area (Area), nuclear area to perimeter ratio (A/P), cluster diameter, mean gray level (in 256 gray levels) and standard deviations of Peri, Area and A/P (P-values < 0. 05); but not in CV of nuclear area, intercellular standard deviation of gray levels, intracellular CV of gray levels and its standard deviation. The receiver Operator Characteristic curve analysis was performed for parameters with significant difference and sensitivities and specificities calculated for different cut-off values.Conclusion: The highest sensitivity was reached for nuclear perimeter, nuclear area, cluster diameter and nuclear area to perimeter ratio equal to %93.55 and for cluster diameter equal to %55, %89 The results are comparable to classic cytology practice, and this technique is recommended screening of thyroid FNA specimens.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Background/Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Accuracy of MRI in staging bladder cancer in a series of patients with pathologically proven bladder cancer. Patients and Methods: Eighty-six patients with pathologically proven bladder cancer underwent MRI in Hazrat Rasoul Akram University-Affiliated Hospital from 1387-88. Pathological staging was the golden standard for determination of superficial and invasive tumors and MRI staging was compared with pathology.Results: MRI Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 94.2%, 97.7%, 90.7%, 91.3% and 97.5%, respectively. Overall agreement between MRI and pathology for bladder cancer staging was 82%.Conclusion: MRI shows goods reproducibility for bladder cancer staging especially in stage T4. More future studies are necessary for judgement.

Background and Aims: Bina color vision test was devleoped by a local company in Iran. There was no information available about the quality and the Accuracy of this test and no decision could be made about its clinical application. In order To determine its Accuracy, this test was compared with Ishihara’ s Pseudo Isochromatic Plates and H16 Panel test. Materials and Methods: The participants were selected from the previous screenings in Tehran and Ghom provinces and were referred to an optometry practice. After performing a routine eye exam, the participants were tested under the same luminance condition using Bina panel test (developed in Iran), Ishihara’ s PIPs (developed in Japan), and H16 panel test (developed in UK), in random order. Similar to H16 test, the procedure for Bina test was based on the manual. Bina test was repeated 30 minutes after completion of the final test. Results: A total of 94 participants with no color vision defects, and 76 with color vision defect (detected by Ishihara’ s PIP), with no other pathology, participated in the study. With H16, 94 individuals showed no defects, 57 were diagnosed with color vision defect, and in 19 participants the type of defect could not be diagnosed. With Bina test, 94 individuals showed no defects, 61 were diagnosed with color vision defect, and in 15 individuals the type of defect could not be diagnosed. In diagnosing the type of defect, Bina test and H 16 showed 87. 9% agreement (Kappa= 0. 897). In diagnosing the type of defect, Bina test showed repeatability of 72% (Kappa=0. 72). Conclusion: The Accuracy of diagnosis of color vision defect with Bina color vision panel test is adequate.